Robert Penfold, PhD, is a health services research and health policy expert whose work focuses on developing and testing strategies to optimize behavioral health care delivery and patient outcomes—particularly in children and adolescents. His research addresses practical issues, such as how to reduce unnecessary use of antipsychotic medications in youth. He also studies the effects of cost-control policies on how clinicians deliver care, how people use care, and how those changes can promote or worsen their health.
Dr. Penfold is a co-investigator in the Mental Health Research Network (MHRN), a resource for studies on mental health conditions ranging from autism to postnatal depression. He leads the MHRN’s child and adolescent scientific interest group. He is also investigating reasons why similar patients receive different mental health treatment, such as different medications, depending on where they live or receive care.
His other recent and ongoing projects include:
Dr. Penfold has extensive experience gathering and analyzing information from large health databases, including those of Medicare, Medicaid, and the Health Care Systems Research Network’s Virtual Data Warehouse. These data and analyses allow rapid information sharing among Kaiser Permanente Washington and participating sites, which improves patient safety and timely access to effective, cutting-edge therapies.
He has also conducted several novel pragmatic clinical trials using the Epic electronic health record system.
Before joining KPWHRI in 2010, Dr. Penfold held research and teaching positions at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, Ohio; the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority; the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy; and most recently, at Harvard Medical School in the Department of Population Medicine and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute.
Children and adolescents; anti-psychotics and anti-depressants; bipolar disorder, and depression
Comparative effectiveness; consumer-directed health plans; patient outcomes; costs of chronic illnesses; Medicare and Medicaid
Space-time surveillance; interrupted time series analysis
Rossom RC, Yeh HH, Ma L, Penfold RB, Hooker SA, Miller-Matero LR, Simon G, Owen-Smith A, Borgert-Spaniol CM, Ahmedani B. Changes in utilization of in-person and virtual outpatient mental health visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: An observational cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025 Apr 25;104(17):e42305. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000042305. PubMed
Penfold RB. Evidence for mental health and substance use practice change strategies. Pediatrics. 2025 Apr 16. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-071189. Online ahead of print. PubMed
Ahmedani BK, Penfold RB, Frank C, Richards JE, Stewart C, Boggs JM, Coleman KJ, Sterling S, Yarborough BJH, Clarke G, Schoenbaum M, Aguirre-Miyamoto EM, Barton LJ, Yeh HH, Westphal J, McDonald S, Beck A, Beidas RS, Richardson L, Ryan JM, Buckingham ET 4th, Buttlaire S, Bruschke C, Flores J, Simon GE. Zero suicide model implementation and suicide attempt rates in outpatient mental health care. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Apr 1;8(4):e253721. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.3721. PubMed
Penfold RB, Yoo HI, Richards JE, Crossnohere NL, Johnson E, Pabiniak CJ, Renz AD, Campoamor NB, Simon GE, Bridges JFP. Acceptability of linking individual credit, financial, and public records data to healthcare records for suicide risk machine learning models. JAMIA Open. 2024 Oct 21;7(4):ooae113. doi: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooae113. eCollection 2024. PubMed
Penfold RB, Idu AE, Coley RY, Cushing-Haugen KL, King D, Glass A, Phillips RC, Renz AD, Pabiniak CJ, Graham VF, Thompson EE, Ralston JD, Simon GE, Gonzalez ES, Myers KM, Beck A, Quintana LM, Runkle AJ, Rogers M, Foster DM, Clarke GN, Massimino S, Crawford PM, Cavese JA, Cordaro AR, Chavez LI, Kelleher KJ, Schwartz N, Jiner KR, Liu SB, Condrac S, Hilt RJ. Safer and targeted use of antipsychotics in youth: an embedded, pragmatic randomized trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2025 Mar;66(3):301-310. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.14059. Epub 2024 Oct 29. PubMed
Maggie Ramirez, PhD, and Robert Penfold, PhD, culturally adapt an online program.
KPWHRI researchers are contributing to better mental health care for people nationwide.
Models that are easier to explain, use could have better uptake in health care settings.
The HCSRN conference is a venue for collaborative work to improve health and health care.